Calcification of the basal ganglia: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "πŸ”¬ Metabolic and Endocrine Causes 1. Hypoparathyroidism – most common systemic cause β€’ ↓ PTH β†’ ↓ calcium, ↑ phosphate β€’ Leads to symmetrical basal ganglia calcifications β€’ May be idiopathic or post-surgical 2. Pseudohypoparathyroidism β€’ PTH resistance; biochemical profile resembles hypoparathyroidism 3. Hyperparathyroidism β€’ Less common, but can also lead to intracranial calcifications 4. Other metabolic disorders β€’ Hypomagnesemia, hypop...")
 
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πŸ”¬ Metabolic and Endocrine Causes
'''πŸ”¬ Metabolic and Endocrine Causes'''
1. Hypoparathyroidism – most common systemic cause
β€’ ↓ PTH β†’ ↓ calcium, ↑ phosphate
β€’ Leads to symmetrical basal ganglia calcifications
β€’ May be idiopathic or post-surgical
2. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
β€’ PTH resistance; biochemical profile resembles hypoparathyroidism
3. Hyperparathyroidism
β€’ Less common, but can also lead to intracranial calcifications
4. Other metabolic disorders
β€’ Hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatasia, mitochondrial cytopathies (like MELAS)


βΈ»
# Hypoparathyroidism – most common systemic cause
#* ↓ PTH β†’ ↓ calcium, ↑ phosphate
#* Leads to symmetrical basal ganglia calcifications
#* May be idiopathic or post-surgical
# Pseudohypoparathyroidism
#* PTH resistance; biochemical profile resembles hypoparathyroidism
# Hyperparathyroidism
#* Less common, but can also lead to intracranial calcifications
# Other metabolic disorders
#* Hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatasia, mitochondrial cytopathies (like MELAS)


🧬 Genetic and Degenerative Disorders
1. Fahr’s Disease (Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification)
β€’ Familial, autosomal dominant
β€’ Progressive neurologic symptoms (parkinsonism, dementia, seizures)
β€’ Normal calcium/phosphorus levels
2. Wilson’s Disease
β€’ Copper accumulation β†’ may cause T2 hyperintensities or calcifications
β€’ Neurologic and hepatic involvement
3. Mitochondrial disorders
β€’ MELAS, Leigh syndrome
β€’ Often show basal ganglia abnormalities and calcifications


βΈ»
'''🧬 Genetic and Degenerative Disorders'''


☣️ Toxic/Environmental Causes
# Fahr’s Disease (Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification)
1. Lead poisoning
#* Familial, autosomal dominant
β€’ Chronic exposure may lead to calcifications and cognitive/behavioral changes
#* Progressive neurologic symptoms (parkinsonism, dementia, seizures)
2. Carbon monoxide poisoning
#* Normal calcium/phosphorus levels
β€’ Hypoxic damage β†’ calcifications of globus pallidus over time
# Wilson’s Disease
#* Copper accumulation β†’ may cause T2 hyperintensities or calcifications
#* Neurologic and hepatic involvement
# Mitochondrial disorders
#* MELAS, Leigh syndrome
#* Often show basal ganglia abnormalities and calcifications


βΈ»
'''☣️ Toxic/Environmental Causes'''


🦠 Infectious Causes
# Lead poisoning
β€’ Congenital infections (especially TORCH):
#* Chronic exposure may lead to calcifications and cognitive/behavioral changes
β€’ Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – classically cause periventricular or basal ganglia calcifications in neonates
# Carbon monoxide poisoning
#* Hypoxic damage β†’ calcifications of globus pallidus over time


βΈ»
'''🦠 Infectious Causes'''


🧠 Others
* Congenital infections (especially TORCH):
β€’ Radiation therapy
** Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – classically cause periventricular or basal ganglia calcifications in neonates
β€’ Chronic neuroinflammation


βΈ»
'''🧠 Others'''


πŸ§ͺ Workup Suggestion (in symptomatic or extensive cases)
* Radiation therapy
β€’ Serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, magnesium
* Chronic neuroinflammation
β€’ Vitamin D levels
 
β€’ Brain CT (best to detect calcifications)
 
β€’ Consider genetic testing if familial or Fahr’s suspected
'''πŸ§ͺ Workup Suggestion (in symptomatic or extensive cases)'''
β€’ Toxicology screen if exposure suspected
 
* Serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, magnesium
* Vitamin D levels
* Brain CT (best to detect calcifications)
* Consider genetic testing if familial or Fahr’s suspected
* Toxicology screen if exposure suspected

Latest revision as of 07:52, 4 June 2025

πŸ”¬ Metabolic and Endocrine Causes

  1. Hypoparathyroidism – most common systemic cause
    • ↓ PTH β†’ ↓ calcium, ↑ phosphate
    • Leads to symmetrical basal ganglia calcifications
    • May be idiopathic or post-surgical
  2. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
    • PTH resistance; biochemical profile resembles hypoparathyroidism
  3. Hyperparathyroidism
    • Less common, but can also lead to intracranial calcifications
  4. Other metabolic disorders
    • Hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatasia, mitochondrial cytopathies (like MELAS)


🧬 Genetic and Degenerative Disorders

  1. Fahr’s Disease (Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification)
    • Familial, autosomal dominant
    • Progressive neurologic symptoms (parkinsonism, dementia, seizures)
    • Normal calcium/phosphorus levels
  2. Wilson’s Disease
    • Copper accumulation β†’ may cause T2 hyperintensities or calcifications
    • Neurologic and hepatic involvement
  3. Mitochondrial disorders
    • MELAS, Leigh syndrome
    • Often show basal ganglia abnormalities and calcifications

☣️ Toxic/Environmental Causes

  1. Lead poisoning
    • Chronic exposure may lead to calcifications and cognitive/behavioral changes
  2. Carbon monoxide poisoning
    • Hypoxic damage β†’ calcifications of globus pallidus over time

🦠 Infectious Causes

  • Congenital infections (especially TORCH):
    • Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – classically cause periventricular or basal ganglia calcifications in neonates

🧠 Others

  • Radiation therapy
  • Chronic neuroinflammation


πŸ§ͺ Workup Suggestion (in symptomatic or extensive cases)

  • Serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, magnesium
  • Vitamin D levels
  • Brain CT (best to detect calcifications)
  • Consider genetic testing if familial or Fahr’s suspected
  • Toxicology screen if exposure suspected
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